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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anapsida</span></h1>
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<div>Anapsida</div>
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<div class="legend"><a href="Cr%C3%A2ne" title="Crâne">Crâne</a> d'anapside<br>
<p>j: <a href="Os_jugal" title="Os jugal">jugal</a>, p: <a href="Os_pari%C3%A9tal" title="Os pariétal">pariétal</a>, po: <a href="Os_postorbitaire" title="Os postorbitaire">postorbitaire</a>, q: <a href="Os_carr%C3%A9" title="Os carré">carré</a>, <br>
</p>
qj: <a href="Os_quadratojugal" title="Os quadratojugal">quadratojugal</a>, sq: <a href="Os_squamosal" class="mw-redirect" title="Os squamosal">squamosal</a></div><table class="taxobox_classification"><caption style=""><a href="Classification_scientifique_des_esp%C3%A8ces" title="Classification scientifique des espèces">Classification</a></caption><tbody><tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="R%C3%A8gne_(biologie)" title="Règne (biologie)">Règne</a></th>
<td>
<span class="normal"><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="Embranchement_(biologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Embranchement (biologie)">Embranchement</a></th>
<td>
<span class="normal"><a href="Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordata</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="Sous-embranchement" title="Sous-embranchement"><abbr class="abbr" title="Sous-embranchement">Sous-embr.</abbr></a></th>
<td>
<span class="normal"><a href="Vertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="Super-classe_(biologie)" title="Super-classe (biologie)">Super-classe</a></th>
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<span class="normal"><a href="Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="Clade" title="Clade">Clade</a></th>
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<span class="normal"><a href="Amniota" title="Amniota">Amniota</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="Clade" title="Clade">Clade</a></th>
<td>
<span class="normal"><a href="Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="Classe_(biologie)" title="Classe (biologie)">Classe</a></th>
<td>
<span class="normal"><a href="Reptilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilia">Reptilia</a></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="bloc"><a href="Sous-classe_(biologie)" title="Sous-classe (biologie)">Sous-classe</a></p><div class="center taxobox_classification"><b><span class="normal"><span style="font-style: normal">Anapsida</span></span></b><br><span class="rnormal"><small><b><a href="Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Osborn</a>, <a href="1903" title="1903">1903</a></b></small></span></div>
<p class="bloc">Taxons de rang inférieur</p>
<div class="left">
<ul><li><abbr class="abbr" title="éteint">†</abbr> <a href="Mesosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesosauria">Mesosauria</a></li>
<li><abbr class="abbr" title="éteint">†</abbr> <a href="Millerettidae" title="Millerettidae">Millerettidae</a></li>
<li><abbr class="abbr" title="éteint">†</abbr> Nyctiphruretidae</li>
<li><abbr class="abbr" title="éteint">†</abbr> <a href="Pareiasauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareiasauridae">Pareiasauridae</a></li>
<li><abbr class="abbr" title="éteint">†</abbr> <a href="Procolophonidae" title="Procolophonidae">Procolophonidae</a></li>
<li><a href="Testudines" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudines">Testudines</a> ?</li></ul></div>
<p class="bloc"><a href="Classification_phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Classification phylogénétique">Classification phylogénétique</a></p>
<div><b>Position :</b><br>
<ul><li><a href="Sauropsides" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropsides">Sauropsides</a>
<ul><li><a href="Diapside" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapside">Diapsides</a>
<ul><li><a href="Archosauriens" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosauriens">Archosauriens</a></li>
<li><a href="L%C3%A9pidosauriens" class="mw-redirect" title="Lépidosauriens">Lépidosauriens</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b>Anapsides</b></li></ul></li></ul></div>
</div>
<p>Les <b>anapsides</b> (<b>Anapsida</b>) forment une sous-classe de <a href="Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Vertébrés">vertébrés</a> <a href="T%C3%A9trapodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tétrapodes">tétrapodes</a>. Le terme <i>anapside</i> leur est attribué à cause de l'absence de <a href="Fosse_temporale_(biologie)" title="Fosse temporale (biologie)">fentes temporales</a> au niveau du <a href="Cr%C3%A2ne" title="Crâne">crâne</a> et par opposition aux animaux <a href="Synapside" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapside">synapsides</a> (1 fosse) et <a href="Diapside" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapside">diapsides</a> (2 fosses). On considérait auparavant que les <a href="Tortues" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortues">tortues</a>, l'ordre des <a href="Testudines" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudines">Testudines</a>, appartenait à cette sous-classe. Aujourd'hui certains auteurs considèrent les testudines comme des <a href="Diapsides" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapsides">diapsides</a> ayant perdu leurs fosses temporales<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancrage_des_tortues_au_sens_des_anapsides">Ancrage des <a href="Tortues" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortues">tortues</a> au sens des anapsides</h2></div>
<p>Alors que l'on parlait traditionnellement de <span class="citation">« reptiles anapsides »</span> comme s'il s'agissait d'un groupe <a href="Monophyl%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophylétique">monophylétique</a>, il a été suggéré le crâne anapside pourrait être apparu dans plusieurs groupes d'<a href="Amniota" title="Amniota">amniotes</a> liés de façon lointaine. Les scientifiques discutent encore de la relation exacte entre les <a href="Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">reptiliomorphes</a> apparus pour la première fois durant le <a href="Carbonif%C3%A8re" title="Carbonifère">Carbonifère</a> tardif, les divers amniotes du <a href="Permien" title="Permien">Permien</a> à crâne anapside et les tortues. Il est possible que le crâne anapside des tortues résulte d'une réversion (disparition des fenêtres temporales) plutôt que d'une ascendance anapside : c'est désormais l'avis de la majorité des paléontologues modernes, car les études <a href="Phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogénétique">phylogénétiques</a> récentes basées sur des critères morphologiques ont confirmé les origines des tortues parmi les diapsides<sup id="cite_ref-debraga&rieppel1997_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debraga&rieppel1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parareptilia1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parareptilia1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parareptilia2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parareptilia2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, certaines tortues locales constituant un <a href="Groupe-fr%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe-frère">groupe-frère</a> pour les <a href="Archosaures" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosaures">archosaures</a> existants<sup id="cite_ref-Evans2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Borsuk−Białynicka2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borsuk−Białynicka2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ou, plus communément, chez les <a href="Lepidosauromorpha" title="Lepidosauromorpha">Lepidosauromorpha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rieppel_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rieppel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bickelmann09_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bickelmann09-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orovenator_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orovenator-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinosaurosphargis_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinosaurosphargis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Position_phylogénetique"><span id="Position_phylog.C3.A9netique"></span>Position phylogénetique</h2></div>
<p>Toutes les études <a href="Phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique_mol%C3%A9culaire" title="Phylogénétique moléculaire">moléculaire</a> ont fortement confirmé l'insertion des tortues dans les diapsides, et plus précisément au sein des <a href="Archosauria" title="Archosauria">Archosauria</a> (groupe incluant les <a href="Dinosauria" title="Dinosauria">Dinosauria</a>) ou en <a href="Groupe-fr%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe-frère">groupe-frère</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mannen_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mannen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zardoya_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zardoya-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iwabe_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwabe-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roos_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Katsu_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katsu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford12_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Cependant, l'une des études moléculaires les plus récentes, publiée le 23 février 2012, suggère que les tortues sont des diapsides <a href="L%C3%A9pidosauromorphes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lépidosauromorphes">lépidosauromorphes</a>, plus étroitement apparentés aux <a href="Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a>, Lacerticia ou encore <a href="Serpentes" title="Serpentes">Serpentes</a><sup id="cite_ref-turtlelizard_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turtlelizard-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>La réanalyse de phylogénies antérieures suggère qu’elles classent les tortues comme des anapsides, à la fois parce qu’elles ont assumé cette classification (la plupart d’entre elles étudient le type de tortues anapsides) et parce qu’elles n’ont pas échantillonné suffisamment de taxons existants et fossiles pour construire le <a href="Cladogramme" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladogramme">cladogramme</a>. Il est suggéré que <a href="Testudines" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudines">Testudines</a> se soit écarté d'autres <a href="Diapsides" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapsides">diapsides</a>, il y a entre 200 et 279 millions d'années, bien que le débat soit loin d'être réglé<sup id="cite_ref-Rieppel_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rieppel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zardoya_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zardoya-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bien que <a href="Procolophonidae" title="Procolophonidae">procolophonidés</a> ait réussi à survivre dans le <a href="Trias" title="Trias">Trias</a>, la plupart des autres reptiles dotés de crânes anapsides, y compris les <a href="Millerettidae" title="Millerettidae">millerettidés</a>, <a href="Nycteroleteridae" title="Nycteroleteridae">nycteroleteridés</a>, et <a href="Pareiasauroidea" title="Pareiasauroidea">pareiasaures</a>, se sont éteints lors de l'<a href="Extinction_Permien-Trias" title="Extinction Permien-Trias">extinction Permien-Trias</a>.
</p><p>Malgré les études moléculaires, certaines preuves contredisent leur classification en tant que diapsides. Tous les diapsides connus excrètent de l'acide urique sous forme de déchets azotés, et il n'y a aucun cas connu de diapside revenant à l'excrétion d'urée, même lorsqu'ils reviennent à un mode de vie semi-aquatique. Les crocodiliens, par exemple, sont toujours uricotéliques, bien qu’ils soient également en partie ammonotéliques, ce qui signifie qu’ils excrètent une partie de leurs déchets sous forme d’ammoniac. L'uréotélisme semble être la condition ancestrale chez les amniotes primitifs et il est conservé par les mammifères, qui ont probablement hérité de l'uréotélisme de leurs <a href="Therapsida" title="Therapsida">ancêtres synapsides</a>. L'ulotélisme suggérerait donc que les tortues étaient plus susceptibles d'être des anapsides que des diapsides. Le seul chélonien uricotélique connu est la <a href="Tortue_du_d%C3%A9sert" title="Tortue du désert">tortue du désert</a>, qui l'a probablement développée récemment pour s'adapter aux habitats du désert. Certains mammifères désertique sont aussi des uricotéliciens. Ainsi, puisque pratiquement tous les mammifères connus sont des uréotéliques, l'adaptation uricotélique est probablement le résultat de la convergence entre les espèces du désert. Par conséquent, les tortues devraient être le seul cas connu de reptile uricotelique redevenant uréotélique.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>
<div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="deBraga_&_O._Rieppel1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="M._deBraga_&_O._Rieppel1997"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> M. deBraga & O. Rieppel, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 120, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3, <time>1997</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">281-354</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ap/zj/1997/00000120/00000003/art00079">résumé</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reptile+phylogeny+and+the+interrelationships+of+turtles&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.issue=3&rft.au=M.+deBraga+%26+O.+Rieppel&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=281-354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-debraga&rieppel1997-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-debraga&rieppel1997_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="de_BragaRieppel1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="M._de_BragaO._Rieppel1997">M. <span class="nom_auteur">de Braga</span> et O. <span class="nom_auteur">Rieppel</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles</cite> », <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 120, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3, <time>1997</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">281–354</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01280.x">10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01280.x</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-pdf/120/3/281/16872152/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01280.x.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reptile+phylogeny+and+the+interrelationships+of+turtles&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=de+Braga&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Rieppel%2C+O.&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=281%E2%80%93354&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1997.tb01280.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fzoolinnean%2Farticle-pdf%2F120%2F3%2F281%2F16872152%2Fj.1096-3642.1997.tb01280.x.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Parareptilia1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Parareptilia1_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="TsujiMuller2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Linda_A._TsujiJohannes_Muller2009">Linda A. Tsuji et Johannes Muller, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Assembling the history of the Parareptilia: phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade</cite> », <i>Fossil Record</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 12, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1, <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">71–81</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmng.200800011">10.1002/mmng.200800011</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assembling+the+history+of+the+Parareptilia%3A+phylogeny%2C+diversification%2C+and+a+new+definition+of+the+clade&rft.jtitle=Fossil+Record&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Tsuji&rft.aufirst=Linda+A.&rft.au=Johannes+Muller&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=71%E2%80%9381&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmmng.200800011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Parareptilia2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Parareptilia2_4-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="RutaCisnerosLiebrectTsuji2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marcello_RutaJuan_C._CisnerosTorsten_LiebrectLinda_A._Tsuji2011">Marcello Ruta, Juan C. Cisneros, Torsten Liebrect, Linda A. Tsuji et Johannes Muller, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction</cite> », <i>Palaeontology</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 54, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 5, <time>2011</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">1117–1137</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01051.x">10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01051.x</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Amniotes+through+major+biological+crises%3A+faunal+turnover+among+Parareptiles+and+the+end-Permian+mass+extinction&rft.jtitle=Palaeontology&rft.issue=5&rft.aulast=Ruta&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft.au=Juan+C.+Cisneros&rft.au=Torsten+Liebrect&rft.au=Linda+A.+Tsuji&rft.au=Johannes+Muller&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=1117%E2%80%931137&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2011.01051.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Evans2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Evans2009_5-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Evans2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Susan_E._Evans2009">Susan E. Evans, « <cite style="font-style:normal">An early kuehneosaurid reptile (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Early Triassic of Poland</cite> », <i>Paleontologica Polonica</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 65, <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">145–178</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/PP65/PP65_145-178.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+early+kuehneosaurid+reptile+%28Reptilia%3A+Diapsida%29+from+the+Early+Triassic+of+Poland&rft.jtitle=Paleontologica+Polonica&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Susan+E.&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=145%E2%80%93178&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalaeontologia.pan.pl%2FPP65%2FPP65_145-178.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Borsuk−Białynicka2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Borsuk−Białynicka2009_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Borsuk−Białynicka;_and_Susan_E._Evans2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Magdalena_Borsuk−Białynicka;_and_Susan_E._Evans2009">Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka; and Susan E. Evans, « <cite style="font-style:normal">A long−necked archosauromorph from the Early Triassic of Poland</cite> », <i>Paleontologica Polonica</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 65, <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">203–234</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/PP65/PP65_203-234.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+long%E2%88%92necked+archosauromorph+from+the+Early+Triassic+of+Poland&rft.jtitle=Paleontologica+Polonica&rft.au=Magdalena+Borsuk%E2%88%92Bia%C5%82ynicka%3B+and+Susan+E.+Evans&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=203%E2%80%93234&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalaeontologia.pan.pl%2FPP65%2FPP65_203-234.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Rieppel-7"><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1996">Rieppel O, DeBraga M, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Turtles as diapsid reptiles</cite> », <i>Nature</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 384, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 6608, <time>1996</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">453–5</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/384453a0">10.1038/384453a0</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.384..453R">1996Natur.384..453R</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turtles+as+diapsid+reptiles&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.issue=6608&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=384&rft.pages=453%E2%80%935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F384453a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Li2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Li2008_8-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="LiWuRieppelWang2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chun_LiXiao-Chun_WuOlivier_RieppelLi-Ting_Wang2008">Chun <span class="nom_auteur">Li</span>, Xiao-Chun <span class="nom_auteur">Wu</span>, Olivier <span class="nom_auteur">Rieppel</span>, Li-Ting <span class="nom_auteur">Wang</span> et Li-Jun <span class="nom_auteur">Zhao</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China</cite> », <i>Nature</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 456, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 7221, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-11-27" data-sort-value="2008-11-27">27 novembre 2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">497–501</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19037315">19037315</a></span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07533">10.1038/nature07533</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.456..497L">2008Natur.456..497L</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+ancestral+turtle+from+the+Late+Triassic+of+southwestern+China&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.issue=7221&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Chun&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiao-Chun&rft.au=Rieppel%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Wang%2C+Li-Ting&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Li-Jun&rft.date=2008-11-27&rft.volume=456&rft.pages=497%E2%80%93501&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07533&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19037315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bickelmann09-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bickelmann09_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bickelmann,_Johannes_Müller_and_Robert_R._Reisz2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Constanze_Bickelmann,_Johannes_Müller_and_Robert_R._Reisz2009">Constanze Bickelmann, Johannes Müller and Robert R. Reisz, « <cite style="font-style:normal">The enigmatic diapsid <i>Acerosodontosaurus piveteaui</i> (Reptilia: Neodiapsida) from the Upper Permian of Madagascar and the paraphyly of <i>younginiform</i> reptiles</cite> », <i>Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 49, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 9, <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">651–661</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/E09-038">10.1139/E09-038</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009CaJES..46..651S">2009CaJES..46..651S</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+enigmatic+diapsid+%27%27Acerosodontosaurus+piveteaui%27%27+%28Reptilia%3A+Neodiapsida%29+from+the+Upper+Permian+of+Madagascar+and+the+paraphyly+of+%27%27younginiform%27%27+reptiles&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.issue=9&rft.au=Constanze+Bickelmann%2C+Johannes+M%C3%BCller+and+Robert+R.+Reisz&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=651%E2%80%93661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2FE09-038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Orovenator-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Orovenator_10-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Reisz,_Sean_P._Modesto_and_Diane_M._Scott2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_R._Reisz,_Sean_P._Modesto_and_Diane_M._Scott2011">Robert R. Reisz, Sean P. Modesto and Diane M. Scott, « <cite style="font-style:normal">A new Early Permian reptile and its significance in early diapsid evolution</cite> », <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 278, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1725, <time>2011</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">3731–3737</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21525061">21525061</a></span>, <a href="PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3203498">3203498</a></span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0439">10.1098/rspb.2011.0439</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+new+Early+Permian+reptile+and+its+significance+in+early+diapsid+evolution&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.issue=1725&rft.aulast=Reisz%2C+Sean+P.+Modesto+and+Diane+M.+Scott&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=278&rft.pages=3731%E2%80%933737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2011.0439&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21525061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sinosaurosphargis-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sinosaurosphargis_11-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="LiRieppelWuZhao2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chun_LiOlivier_RieppelXiao-Chun_WuLi-Jun_Zhao2011">Chun <span class="nom_auteur">Li</span>, Olivier <span class="nom_auteur">Rieppel</span>, Xiao-Chun <span class="nom_auteur">Wu</span>, Li-Jun <span class="nom_auteur">Zhao</span> et Li-Ting <span class="nom_auteur">Wang</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">A new Triassic marine reptile from southwestern China</cite> », <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 31, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2, <time>2011</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">303–312</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2011.550368">10.1080/02724634.2011.550368</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a935220992~frm=titlelink">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+new+Triassic+marine+reptile+from+southwestern+China&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Chun&rft.au=Rieppel%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiao-Chun&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Li-Jun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Li-Ting&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=303%E2%80%93312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02724634.2011.550368&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informaworld.com%2Fsmpp%2Fcontent~db%3Dall~content%3Da935220992~frm%3Dtitlelink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mannen-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mannen_12-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="MannenaSteven_S.-L.1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hideyuki_MannenaLi,_Steven_S.-L.1999">Hideyuki <span class="nom_auteur">Mannena</span> et Li, Steven S.-L., « <cite style="font-style:normal">Molecular evidence for a clade of turtles</cite> », <i><a href="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 13, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-10" data-sort-value="1999-10">octobre 1999</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">144–148</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10508547">10508547</a></span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1999.0640">10.1006/mpev.1999.0640</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Molecular+evidence+for+a+clade+of+turtles&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Mannena&rft.aufirst=Hideyuki&rft.au=Li%2C+Steven+S.-L.&rft.date=1999-10&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=144%E2%80%93148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fmpev.1999.0640&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10508547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Zardoya-13"><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="ZardoyaMeyer1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="R._ZardoyaA._Meyer1998">R. <span class="nom_auteur">Zardoya</span> et A. <span class="nom_auteur">Meyer</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles</cite> », <i><a href="Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 95, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 24, <time>1998</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">14226–14231</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class=" noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a></span>, <a href="PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9826682">9826682</a></span>, <a href="PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/24355">24355</a></span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226">10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...9514226Z">1998PNAS...9514226Z</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Complete+mitochondrial+genome+suggests+diapsid+affinities+of+turtles&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.issue=24&rft.aulast=Zardoya&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+A.&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=14226%E2%80%9314231&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.24.14226&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9826682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Iwabe-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Iwabe_14-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="IwabeY.Y.K.2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="N._IwabeHara,_Y.Kumazawa,_Y.Shibamoto,_K.2004">N. <span class="nom_auteur">Iwabe</span>, Hara, Y., Kumazawa, Y., Shibamoto, K., Saito, Y., Miyata, T. et Katoh, K., « <cite style="font-style:normal">Sister group relationship of turtles to the bird-crocodilian clade revealed by nuclear DNA-coded proteins</cite> », <i><a href="Molecular_Biology_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Biology and Evolution">Molecular Biology and Evolution</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 22, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 4, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-12-29" data-sort-value="2004-12-29">29 décembre 2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">810–813</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15625185">15625185</a></span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msi075">10.1093/molbev/msi075</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sister+group+relationship+of+turtles+to+the+bird-crocodilian+clade+revealed+by+nuclear+DNA-coded+proteins&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.issue=4&rft.aulast=Iwabe&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Hara%2C+Y.&rft.au=Kumazawa%2C+Y.&rft.au=Shibamoto%2C+K.&rft.au=Saito%2C+Y.&rft.au=Miyata%2C+T.&rft.au=Katoh%2C+K.&rft.date=2004-12-29&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=810%E2%80%93813&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsi075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15625185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Roos-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Roos_15-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="RoosRamesh_K.Axel2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jonas_RoosAggarwal,_Ramesh_K.Janke,_Axel2007">Jonas <span class="nom_auteur">Roos</span>, Aggarwal, Ramesh K. et Janke, Axel, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Extended mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses yield new insight into crocodylian evolution and their survival of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary</cite> », <i><a href="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 45, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-11" data-sort-value="2007-11">novembre 2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">663–673</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17719245">17719245</a></span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.018">10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.018</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Extended+mitogenomic+phylogenetic+analyses+yield+new+insight+into+crocodylian+evolution+and+their+survival+of+the+Cretaceous%E2%80%93Tertiary+boundary&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Roos&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rft.au=Aggarwal%2C+Ramesh+K.&rft.au=Janke%2C+Axel&rft.date=2007-11&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=663%E2%80%93673&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2007.06.018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17719245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Katsu-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Katsu_16-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="KatsuL.J._Jr.T.2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Y._KatsuBraun,_E._L.Guillette,_L._J._Jr.Iguchi,_T.2010">Y. <span class="nom_auteur">Katsu</span>, Braun, E. L., Guillette, L. J. Jr. et Iguchi, T., « <cite style="font-style:normal">From reptilian phylogenomics to reptilian genomes: analyses of c-Jun and DJ-1 proto-oncogenes</cite> », <i>Cytogenetic and Genome Research</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 127, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéros">n<sup>os</sup></abbr> 2–4, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-03-17" data-sort-value="2010-03-17">17 mars 2010</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">79–93</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20234127">20234127</a></span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000297715">10.1159/000297715</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+reptilian+phylogenomics+to+reptilian+genomes%3A+analyses+of+c-Jun+and+DJ-1+proto-oncogenes&rft.jtitle=Cytogenetic+and+Genome+Research&rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&rft.aulast=Katsu&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Braun%2C+E.+L.&rft.au=Guillette%2C+L.+J.+Jr.&rft.au=Iguchi%2C+T.&rft.date=2010-03-17&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=79%E2%80%9393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000297715&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20234127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Crawford12-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Crawford12_17-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="CrawfordFairclothMcCormackBrumfield2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="N._G._CrawfordB._C._FairclothJ._E._McCormackR._T._Brumfield2012">N. G. <span class="nom_auteur">Crawford</span>, B. C. <span class="nom_auteur">Faircloth</span>, J. E. <span class="nom_auteur">McCormack</span>, R. T. <span class="nom_auteur">Brumfield</span>, K. <span class="nom_auteur">Winker</span> et T. C. <span class="nom_auteur">Glenn</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs</cite> », <i>Biology Letters</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 8, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 5, <time>2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">783–6</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22593086">22593086</a></span>, <a href="PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3440978">3440978</a></span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0331">10.1098/rsbl.2012.0331</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=More+than+1000+ultraconserved+elements+provide+evidence+that+turtles+are+the+sister+group+of+archosaurs&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.issue=5&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=N.+G.&rft.au=Faircloth%2C+B.+C.&rft.au=McCormack%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Brumfield%2C+R.+T.&rft.au=Winker%2C+K.&rft.au=Glenn%2C+T.+C.&rft.date=2012&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=783%E2%80%936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2012.0331&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22593086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-turtlelizard-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-turtlelizard_18-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="LysonSperlingHeimbergGauthier2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tyler_R._LysonErik_A._SperlingAlysha_M._HeimbergJacques_A._Gauthier2012">Tyler R. Lyson, Erik A. Sperling, Alysha M. Heimberg, Jacques A. Gauthier, Benjamin L. King et Kevin J. Peterson, « <cite style="font-style:normal">MicroRNAs support a turtle + lizard clade</cite> », <i>Biology Letters</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 8, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-02-23" data-sort-value="2012-02-23">23 février 2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">104–107</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775315">21775315</a></span>, <a href="PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3259949">3259949</a></span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0477">10.1098/rsbl.2011.0477</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MicroRNAs+support+a+turtle+%2B+lizard+clade&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Lyson&rft.aufirst=Tyler+R.&rft.au=Erik+A.+Sperling&rft.au=Alysha+M.+Heimberg&rft.au=Jacques+A.+Gauthier&rft.au=Benjamin+L.+King&rft.au=Kevin+J.+Peterson&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=104%E2%80%93107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2011.0477&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21775315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Benton2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="M._J._Benton2000">M. J. <span class="nom_auteur">Benton</span>, <cite class="italique">Vertebrate Paleontology</cite>, Londres, Blackwell Science Ltd, <time>2000</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 452 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <span class="nowrap">978-0-632-05614-9</span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=Blackwell+Science+Ltd&rft.edition=2&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft.date=2000&rft.tpages=452&rft.isbn=978-0-632-05614-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnapsida"></span></span></span>, 3rd ed. 2004 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <span class="nowrap">0-632-05637-1</span>)</small></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
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<li><a href="Synapside" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapside">Synapsides</a></li>
<li><a href="Diapsides" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapsides">Diapsides</a></li>
<li><a href="Euryapsides" class="mw-redirect" title="Euryapsides">Euryapsides</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h2></div>
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<ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Tolweb"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life Web Project</a></span></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Anapsida"><i>Anapsida </i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="TPDB"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37483">Anapsida Williston 1917</a></span></li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="ITIS"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langues : français et anglais">(fr + en)</abbr> <i><a href="Syst%C3%A8me_d'information_taxonomique_int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9" title="Système d'information taxonomique intégré">ITIS</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=173748">Anapsida <b>Non valide</b></a></span></li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="ITIS"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langues : français et anglais">(fr + en)</abbr> <i><a href="Syst%C3%A8me_d'information_taxonomique_int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9" title="Système d'information taxonomique intégré">ITIS</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=173747">Reptilia Laurenti, 1768</a></span></li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="ADW"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a href="Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">Animal Diversity Web</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Anapsida/">Anapsida</a></span></li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="NCBI"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8459">Testudines</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?lin=s&p=has_linkout&id=8459">taxons inclus</a>)</span></li></ul>
<ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte">Portail de la paléontologie</span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte">Portail de la zoologie</span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte">Portail de l’herpétologie</span> </span></li> </ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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